Start with a powder charge of 55 grains and work up an accurate load in 5 grain increments. My .54 only gives me decent accuracy using 2f but that may not be the case with yours. 55 grains, 3 shots, swab between shots, increase by 5 grains and repeat procedure until you get a nice tight group.Here is how to do that. Cut the slot just deep enough so the bottom of the base of the lug can be flat and fit on a flat surface on the barrel. So make the flat on the barrel just wide enough for the base of the lug and no more. Then file in the dovetails on the barrel and angle the ends of the lug base to match.142. May 23, 2022. #1. As some of you may remember I spoke about the percussion cap makers by Sharpshooter 22LR Reloader Store. I will recap my previous post on my experience with the #11 percussion cap die and end the post with my experience with the #10. "The die performed great. The percussion caps are ugly.Aug 8, 2021 · 209 Guests, 3 Users Users active in past 15 minutes: Rufus, The Stumbler, BruceH. Most Online Today: 316.Most Online Ever: 1042 (February 21, 2023, 06:14:54 AM) 69 Cal. Get the dremel out and enlarge the pan in the area near the flash hole. Make it more uniform front to back using the flash hole location as a guide. In the process, you can grind out the notch as well. It was obviously placed there due to the flash hole being out of alignment with the center of the pan.2,688. Location. Maine. Mar 26, 2019. #1. I bought a Spanish .50 cal Hawken made in Ardessa Spain. The bore was cruddy but it cleaned up with some elbow grease.This isn't a CVA Hawken. This one is a very good copy, actually put a T/C to shame. It's double pinned, hooked breech, long tang and double set triggers.Mar 9, 2010. #20. You know all ML shooters have thier own priorities. I would never build or request a flintlock rifle with a patent breech. When I dump a load of powder in the barrel I want it to flow directly to the touch hole. IMHO the modern patent breech does not allow that as well as a normal breech. Salt. 1.Jun 17, 2019 · Reaction score. 7,675. Nov 21, 2023. #1. Any other subscribers to Muzzleloader magazine that haven't gotten the Nov/Dec issue yet? I know various things may delay production of a specialty magazine, but just wondered as it's getting to the end of Nov. soon. My local newsstand still has the Sep/Oct issue on display, also. Here is how to do that. Cut the slot just deep enough so the bottom of the base of the lug can be flat and fit on a flat surface on the barrel. So make the flat on the barrel just wide enough for the base of the lug and no more. Then file in the dovetails on the barrel and angle the ends of the lug base to match.Muzzleloading Forum discussion community & muzzleloading/reenactors for sale classifieds. Muzzle loading forums for reenactors, mountain men, French &...May 13, 2023 · Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us. As far as your 45 Seneca, it is not a long range ‘magnum’ muzzleloader. I have a 45 caliber Cherokee and love it as a ‘carrying’ gun. I find it deadly at 50 yards or so, with its zero at 75 yards, my personal maximum maximum range with it. Powder charge max for me is 70 grains of 3F. In my gun.Shoot loose is the term for the frame lengthening in the thin area above the cylinder when speaking of a Remington style gun. For a Colt style it means the cylinder pin that holds the barrel to the frame tends to pull out of the rear frame with heavy loads. Dixie Gun recommends the following loads for the .36 cal:Spring Rendezvous Oregon. Please join the Forest Hills Black Powder Brigade for its annual Spring Rendezvous in Mill City, Oregon May 24-27. Events include black powder rifle/pistol/trade gun, hawk and knife, primitive archery, frying pan toss, long gong shoot, children's games and activities, traders, primitive and... gferlitsch.Jan 14, 2007 · Location. Andover, VT. Aug 25, 2012. #2. Nitric acid is technically aquafortis, for sure, but the solution folks use to stain rifles is saturated with iron. Make the 10% or up to 25% solution, add iron shavings or small nails, let it cook uncovered until it is done consuming iron. Filter through a coffee filter, etc, and use this to stain maple. Join the online community of muzzleloader enthusiasts and share your experiences, tips, questions and photos. Browse the latest posts on topics such as wet weather tips, bullet stability, flintlocks, percussion caps, and more.Reaction score. 3. Sep 27, 2023. #1. Midwestreloads.com is a scam site. I went there because they had percussion caps that no one else seems to have in stock. They only take Paypal, Zelle, or Cashapp for payment. I looked them up and sure enough SCAM. Luckily I didn't fall for it.10. May 8, 2008. #2. The "Third Generation/Signature Series" was actually assembled by Henry Arms, and as far as I'm concered the quality is not even close to the 2nd generation models. I've heard two stories on the 2nd generation: parts made by Uberti & assembled by Colt, and some say assembled by Henry Arms.You don't want this so, what you need to do is to get a damp rag. Then, thoroughly wet the surfaces of the wood and sit it aside to dry. When it is dry, pick the stock up and rub your hand gently from muzzle to butt. In one direction it will feel rather smooth. In the other direction, it will feel very rough.The one I think I'm most attracted to is the Clay Smith kit. NW Trade Gun. A number of options. One that is attractive, from a skill level perspective, is the Pedersoli NW kit. Kibler Colonial. A no brainer build, and quality parts. For the moment, let's disregard caliber. Weight is one consideration.General Muzzleloading. If it's not specific to the other Firearm categories, post it here.Georgia Outdoor News 4331 Seven Islands Rd Madison, GA 30650 (706) 343-0001 (800) 438-4663. Send us an e-mailReaction score. 56. Location. New York. Jul 12, 2023. #1. Picked up a traditions .54 cal blunderbuss kit 6 months ago as my first smokepole and have had a great time developing loads. You'd be surprised how good some of the patterns are. These would likely work in another .54 smoothie or 28 gauge.Both rifles are Investarm rifles, the flintlock is a Lyman Great Plains Rifle and the percussion is a Cabela's .58 caliber Hawken. I'm thinking about swapping out the percussion breech plug on one rifle for the flintlock breech plug on another. The flintlock is .50 caliber and the percussion is .58 caliber. The outside dimensions are the same.Location. Maine. Mar 21, 2023. #1. Questions - Kibler Colonial Long Rifle Kit. Intro: So I started my first introduction to flintlocks and building rifles of wood and metal last weekend. I live in Maine and am a SIG-trained armorer in pistols and rifles, a business owner, and also work in emergency medicine. I say that by way of introduction ...Jaime Lizotte of ComplyRight joins Barry Moltz on The Small Business Radio Show to discuss managing remote employees. * Required Field Your Name: * Your E-Mail: * Your Remark: Frie...Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Muzzleloader Rifles, Muzzleloader Pistols & Muzzleloader Supplies - #1 Source for Muzzleloaders. Black Powder Rifles, Pistols & Black Powder Kits. Shop all the top muzzleloader brands like CVA, Traditions, Thompson/Center, Lyman, Investarm & More.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Apr 21, 2004 · 26. Location. Woodlands of Northern New England. Jan 4, 2006. #4. No disrespect intended to Stumpkiller, I'm very big into target shooting and competitive shoots. While target shooting i've had many people come over to watch me with a muzzleloader,try mine and then get into muzzleloading at our club shoots. It is nice and small and reasonably easy to make. The pattern is drawn on 1" squares. The area above the "dot-dash" to the "dash-dash" can be used in one of two ways. 1) folded under and sewn or 2) separate piece from thinner leather and folded as an edging as can be seen in the first photo.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Andover, VT. Apr 28, 2021. #4. Chunk gun shooting goes way back before the mid 1900s. Our ML club has a barrel dating to the Civil War era that has been re-breeched, re-stocked, and rifling re-cut many times. All the flats have multiple dovetails on them as it’s had under lugs and sights at every position possible.FOR SALE F/S Rare British Military Saddle Carbine Flintlock Lock - 1835. For sale & a very RARE find! King William IV saddle carbine lock. Has a slide safety and an "internal" frizzen spring. The lock plate measures 5.5 inches overall and is marked with a crown, W.R., TOWER and dated 1835.General Muzzleloading. Post thread. If it's not specific to the other Firearm categories, post it here.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Apr 21, 2024 ... Well, the Palmetto Sharpshooters (N-SSA) shot in a small match and had a ball. Smoothbore and Carbine then break for lunch and then into the ...69 Cal. I’m working on a TOW Brown Bess Kit, which according to Jess Melot the owner of the rifle shoppe, the 1746 Wilets kit was a kit he designed 30 years ago for CD Jarnigan Co. That was copied over by Track of the Wolf. On a difficultly level, I can’t really say much because its my first kit build.23. Location. Upstate NY. Dec 23, 2012. #6. I used 80 gr. 2F with a t/c 370gr. maxi ball was a very accurate load out of all my 50 cal. t/c muzzleloaders with a 1:48 twist. A 320 gr. t/c maxi ball worked well also. Never had much luck with accuracy with the t/c maxi hunters. The maxi balls have great penetration.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.General Muzzleloading. Post thread. If it's not specific to the other Firearm categories, post it here.4. Sep 7, 2008. #8. There's almost as many different types of patchbox release mechanisms as their are schools of longrifles. Some builders that try to recreate specific longrifles as exactly as possible try to use the same type of mechanism as the original rifle they are copying, even if the mechanism is hidden.Jan 3, 2024. #1. Traditions .50 Kentucky rifle percussion kit. It's not all fancy schmantzy, but I've wanted to build this particular rifle since the mid 80's. Had the .45 Cal CVA kit of the same type when I was in the Marines, but didn't have the tools nor the smarts at the time to build it. M.The load for the 45, is 115g, but actually it weighs 80.5 grain. This is 115 x 0.7, the ratio found on Western Powders website. All my loads are weighed using the 0.7 factor. What i do is weigh each charge, then pour it into the charging tubes. For example, right now i am shooting my 50 caliber rifle quite a lot, and my load is 105g Blackhorn ...Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.2. Reaction score. 0. Location. Sarasota, FL. Mar 2, 2024. #1. I would like to alert other members of this forum that I came across a scammer whose MO is to join on the same day multiple online firearms, hunting, and even model train forums. He then researches the specific forum's rules such as the requirement to create 20 to 50 short online ...Powder, 2 thin "overshot" cards 1 or 2 lubed felt wads, shot load (either in a paper shot cup/cartridge or not), then a thin overshot card. For the Skychief load the order is; powder, thick over powder wad (sometimes referred to as a nitro card), then the shot load, thin overshot card, then a thick fiber "cushion" wad that has been thoroughly ...Pour quickly, and swing the sprue plate after the puddle on top hardens with a gloved hand: don't strike it with anything. If the balls don't fall from the mold lightly tap the handles at the bolt where they come together and they will fall out. Don't worry about the sprue (flat spot) on the ball. Click to expand...142. May 23, 2022. #1. As some of you may remember I spoke about the percussion cap makers by Sharpshooter 22LR Reloader Store. I will recap my previous post on my experience with the #11 percussion cap die and end the post with my experience with the #10. "The die performed great. The percussion caps are ugly.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Night Cert Offer! United Airlines has launched a new one-day award sale for travel to Hawaii. Eligible members and cardholders can ...I had a couple of Uberti 1858's a while back, but gave them to my son. However, I did do a little research. @64Springer is right in that you can go blind reading all there is out there, but my guess is you're aware of this and asking for some suggestions to narrow it down. Forget about brand names for a few minutes, and look at features.Location. NEK, VT. Sep 6, 2021. #1. Took my new to me T/C Hawken .54 to the range for the first time. I was really looking forward to shooting this as it's my first .54 and I wanted to hunt with it this fall. First shot the nipple shot out into the grass never to be seen again. Took some powder to the forehead, but the glasses saved my eyes.Virginia. Dec 21, 2022. #2. Thanks for sharing the link! With how esoteric the pre flintlock systems are, it would be great to consolidate information on making each type (snap matchlock, normal matchlock, snaphance, wheellock, combination lock). Obviously something like a wheellock requires a high level of skill and forgoing resources, but if ...5,750. Reaction score. 8,562. Location. Tyrone , Pa. 16686. Apr 20, 2024. #7. Also , any time you fire one barrel , uncap the unfired one , and run the ramrod down on the remaining loaded barrel to make sure the load is still where you left it , when you last loaded it. This is a safety check many forget.142. May 23, 2022. #1. As some of you may remember I spoke about the percussion cap makers by Sharpshooter 22LR Reloader Store. I will recap my previous post on my experience with the #11 percussion cap die and end the post with my experience with the #10. "The die performed great. The percussion caps are ugly.Obsidian is a volcanic glass. It tends to shatter like glass. While flint, agate, etc are 7 on Moh's hardness scale, obsidian is only 5. BTW stainless steel is also around 5 on the same scale. A good frizzen may actually be harder than obsidian. When I was studying this, we used a stainless steel watch back to test this.That bullet had a Muzzle Velocity of 1058 and 1407 ft/lb of energy. A patched .570 diameter roundball with an 80 grain load of GOEX 2Fg had a breech pressure of 5,200 psi and a muzzle velocity of 1288. Upping the roundballs powder load to 120 grains raised the breech pressure to 7,900 psi with a MV of 1568 fps.10. May 8, 2008. #2. The "Third Generation/Signature Series" was actually assembled by Henry Arms, and as far as I'm concered the quality is not even close to the 2nd generation models. I've heard two stories on the 2nd generation: parts made by Uberti & assembled by Colt, and some say assembled by Henry Arms.Georgia. Nov 25, 2004. #3. Yes, I have put fiber optic sights on a GPR. The ones from RMC work great and are a cinch to install. I liked them so well that I custom fitted a set to my Isacc Haines flintlock for deer hunting.Jan 28, 2023. #10. Both of my Uberti Dragoon occasionally drop the lever with full charges. With full 50-60gr charges of 1F black powder, my Walker levers do not drop , even with full day of shooting. 1F in the big Colts is fun, it probably doesn't make much real difference but it works so I'm sticking with it.The Gun Builder's Bench | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the ...That rifle, as I seem to recall, was offered in .40 and .36. The .40 was touted as "the" deer caliber with the .36 being "the" all around rifle. I drooled over the pictures and read then read some more. This was long before "magnumitis" infiltrated muzzleloading and before rules with minimum caliber restrictions for deer.Sep 19, 2023. #7. I killed my bull on the 5th day of the 9 day Colorado muzzleloader season. Walking a ridge overlooking a deep canyon we spotted 3 different bulls on the slopes across the other side. After glassing them for a while, we finally decided to slide down the hill on our butts to go after the biggest one.Clothing, Cookware, Crafts For Sale/Wanted/Trade. Reenactment clothing, fabric, patterns, cookware and craft finished products and supplies. No commercial sales. You must have 15 posts AND be a member for 30 days OR be a Supporting Member to post here.Shoot loose is the term for the frame lengthening in the thin area above the cylinder when speaking of a Remington style gun. For a Colt style it means the cylinder pin that holds the barrel to the frame tends to pull out of the rear frame with heavy loads. Dixie Gun recommends the following loads for the .36 cal:This is the best feeling | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the ...That rifle, as I seem to recall, was offered in .40 and .36. The .40 was touted as "the" deer caliber with the .36 being "the" all around rifle. I drooled over the pictures and read then read some more. This was long before "magnumitis" infiltrated muzzleloading and before rules with minimum caliber restrictions for deer.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.I have been asked and read alot lately about which is a better cal. 54 or 58? So I decided to look at some reference material (beartooth bullet ballistic site and the Sam Fadala new 2nd edition blackpowder manuel) and this is what I came up with. I am no way bias as to the outcome because I am...Republic mo. Jul 5, 2017. #10. Just look at the ballistics data a .54 loaded with 120 grains 3f will get about 1800 fps in a 35" barrel or so. At 100 yards will slow to 1050 or so. An 80 grain charge will do about 1500 fps and will slow to a little more then 900. Fater charges won't buy you a lot down range.However, Mr. Woodfill wrote an article in Muzzle Blasts (and a chapter in his book) on shorter-than-average Hawkens, so he did acknowledge their existence. These two signed Hawken rifles were shown in Ned Roberts' book, The Muzzle-Loading Cap Lock Rifle: Both of the above Hawkens have 28" barrels.Well, delivery took a bit longer than expected but arrival finally occurred. I'm 2 days into this project, as promised here are my initial thoughts and status. First, this is as you have heard, a very high-quality deal. Greg notified me of shipping via UPS, delivery date here in MT is more of...Apr 24, 2005. #4. Use only pure lead conicals and do not push them real hard and your leading should not be a major problem. Even in the modern muzzleloaders when I shoot big conicals, I seldom go past 85 grains of powder. This is for accuracy, recoil as well as to reduce leading.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us.Make something the shape your going after and use it to back the sand paper. Go slowly and use a 2ft long or so straight edge. I like the ramrod to be tucked in a touch for a look. Wet that wood with a wet rag to let the wiskers stick out. Stay with more or less what the profile is for now and take off a little bit.Jul 26, 2023 · Deer Creek Products | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account ... People's Republic of Maryland. Jul 19, 2023. #36. Although the 1858 Remington Carbine was not introduced until 1866 (cutoff for the forum being 1865), it is an 1858 Remington with a fixed stock, and so it is the exception to the 1865 cutoff rule, but discussion of cartridges, cartridge conversions, are still not allowed.Jan 13, 2021 · 127. Reaction score. 252. Dec 23, 2021. #6. necchi said: With the kit stock as received, lightly wet it, that will enhance the grain appearance. If your stock presents areas of open grain (you'll see it) you could use a light slurry of a bone black agent and sand it back a bit after it dries. 1. Jan 19, 2009. #2. While the patent breech is an old design, the hook-breech is not. Today the hook-breech is used mainly on halfstock rifles and shotguns so the barrels can be quickly removed. When you have a fullstock rifle there will be very few times when you want to remove the barrel.South Coast Mississippi. Jan 8, 2020. #4. tenngun said: Just got a GR .45 barrel 7/8 x 42 1-66 twist. If'n you own this barrel where have you found your best loads. I expect to have it ready for smoke around 1 February. I built a rifle with that exact barrel. I normally shoot 52 grains of FFF and a .445 ball for a target load. The Craftsman. Muzzleloading related things you've made or have questions about making - Knives, Tomahawks, Horns, Clothing, Bags, etc. Traditional Only - no modern designs. Do not post items unrelated to Muzzleloading. This is not a "general craft" category. i've been shooting the pietta remmington 1858 new army revolver since 2009 and still use the pietta nipples that came with the revolver and remmington #10 caps. never had a misfire or cap jam and use the grease over ball so far. up to a few years ago i shot the hornady 451 balls and never had any issues. read that the .454's were better so i bought …Hunt Talk is a website for hunting enthusiasts to share tips, stories, and questions. The Muzzleloaders forum is a section for discussing muzzleloader equipment, loads, and hunting experiences. However, it does not match the query muzzleloadingforum.com, which is a different website.
Soak a couple of cotton floor mop strands in a potassium nitrate solution (black powder will work). Clamp one in the cocked jaws of your flintlock cock, light the end of it, and open the frizzen to expose your priming powder. Pull the trigger. Satisfaction guaranteed, and you just took off another 100 years!. Sexy women deviantart
Pre-Flintlock | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the account perks ...The Gun Builder's Bench | The Muzzleloading Forum. This community needs YOUR help today. We rely 100% on Supporting Memberships to fund our efforts. With the ever increasing fees of everything, we need help. We need more Supporting Members, today. Please invest back into this community. I will ship a few decals too in addition to all the ...Georgia Outdoor News 4331 Seven Islands Rd Madison, GA 30650 (706) 343-0001 (800) 438-4663. Send us an e-mailPowder charge. Nitro (hard) card. Shotload. Thin overshot card. Full fiber cushion wad*. *The cushion wad needs to be SATURATED (the wetter and heavier, the better) with oil. I like to use olive oil. The load seems to shine best when used in cylinder bored guns. Best of luck to all, Skychief.The patent breech in percussion guns is safer and easier to clean. Drum and nipple breeches are manure from several perspectives. Most modern patent breeches on the factory made guns are designed to be cheap to make and install. I believe the Nock antechamber breech gives better velocity but experience is limited.Discuss non-smokeless Inline muzzleloading rifles here! This site may earn a commission from merchant affiliate links, including eBay, Amazon, and others.You can find the bench design online or in Chris Schwarz's book "Workbenches". Look up "Roubo" bench online. The metal vises are from Woodcraft I believe. They cost about $90 at the time (10 years ago). The rotating jaws are very useful. The leg vises on the bench are very handy and have tremendous holding power.Changes in the economy and consumer trends influence the fluctuation in the housing market. Basic elements of supply and demand dictate the increase or decrease in pricing, even in...You might know how to achieve your goals, but that doesn't mean your goals are correct for you in the first place. Take some time to rethink your objectives based on how you want t...Join the discussion on muzzleloading rifles, shotguns, pistols, cartridges, bullets, optics, and more. Find tips, reviews, recipes, photos, videos, and sponsors for muzzleloading enthusiasts.You don't want this so, what you need to do is to get a damp rag. Then, thoroughly wet the surfaces of the wood and sit it aside to dry. When it is dry, pick the stock up and rub your hand gently from muzzle to butt. In one direction it will feel rather smooth. In the other direction, it will feel very rough.Ok, so this pandemic thing finally gave me the time to finish out the CVA 45 cal percussion Kentucky Pistol kit I picked up a while ago. While I have a number of guns, this is my first black powder kit and before I screw something up firing it, I thought it would be prudent to post on here for some advice.Friends, our 2nd Amendment rights are always under attack and the NRA has been a constant for decades in helping fight that fight. We have partnered with the NRA to offer you a discount on membership and Muzzleloading Forum gets a small percentage too of each membership, so you are supporting both the NRA and us..